• Agriculture: Includes agricultural assets, supply chains (e.g., linkages to transport networks)and crop production

• Water supply and sanitation: Includes water supply sources like fresh water and ground waterand sanitation facilities which have feedback interactions with water supply and ecosystemcondition.

• Fisheries: Includes both marine and freshwater fisheries (and fish breeding habitat such asmangroves), as well as both capture fisheries and aquaculture.

• Rural and Urban development: Includes both formal and informal urban development as well asassociated health and telecommunications infrastructure.

• Tourism and recreation: Includes tourism, adventure tourism, nature-based tourism, recreation and outdoor recreation.

• Transport: Includes road, river, air and ocean transport.

• Forestry: Includes both inland and coastal forestry.

An ecosystem is an interacting association of plants and animals. Ecosystems provide a range of ecosystems services and goods which supports the basis for livelihoods and human well-being. Seven ecosystems have been identified for the Pacific region relevant to the Pacific EBA tool.

The details of the ecosystems are:

• Coastal ecosystem: onshore: these are beach ecosystems

• Coastal ecosystem: nearshore: includes sea grass and coral reefs

• Forest ecosystem: includes both inland and coastal forest

• Agroecosystem: agriculture land

• Groundwater ecosystem: also called aquifers

• Freshwater ecosystem: also called surface water

• Coastal plains: flat, low-lying land adjacent to an ocean

Pacific islands are facing a range of climate change threats that are affecting the lives and livelihood of the island communities. These impacts are projected to worsen in the future.

The range of climate impacts considered in the tool includes:

• Sea level rise

• Ocean Acidification

• More intense and frequent cyclones

• Atmospheric temperature rise

• Increased severity and frequency of flooding

• Shifting seasonality of rainfall and draught

• Marine heat waves